INFLUENCE OF MUSIC FIELD LSP ON THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Polyakov I.A.
Bachelor’s Degree Student, Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation

INFLUENCE OF MUSIC FIELD LSP ON THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Abstract

In last decades, the concept of Language for specific purposes (LSP) has become widespread in the world of linguistics. Most of the specific vocabulary comes into Russian language by borrowing english lexical units. The process of borrowing words from another language is an integral part of the development of any language. Today, some scientists believe that borrowing is the source of language development, while others believe that it can lead to its death. This paper describes how people use anglicisms that are borrowed as LSP by Russian language and also determines the degree of influence on it. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that its results can be used in further consideration of language contacts, and the materials and conclusions of the work can be applied in the study of English borrowings both in the framework of student studies or at a higher level.

Keywords: language for specific purposes (LSP), anglicisms, borrowings, Russian language, vocabulary.

Introduction
The process of borrowing words is inherent to any language. The lexical borrowings expand the language vocabulary and generally causes no damage to its arrangement, because the language system and its grammatical structure remains the same.

Language surely accepts foreign lexical elements, adapting them by its own rules. Nevertheless, the necessary borrowings should be distinguished from fashionable words that only letter and devalue the vocabulary. But even inevitable borrowings must be used correctly with understanding of their meaning and knowledge of the conditions of using.
Today, some scientists believe that borrowing is the source of language development, while others believe that it can lead to its death.

The term, which is used for description of specific lexical units, is the Language for specific purposes (LSP). The term LSP is defined as a means of communication in some special fields of activity or knowledge. This paper describes how people use anglicisms that are borrowed as LSP by Russian language and also determines the degree of influence on it.
The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that its results can be used in further consideration of language contacts, and the materials and conclusions of the work can be applied in the study of English borrowings both in the framework of student studies or at a higher level.

Materials and Methods
The concept of LSP comes from the works of Prague linguistic circle, which describe functional languages and differentiate them into subsystems based on their functions and field of use [6,568].
The problem of LSP is developed by both Western and Russian scientists. Overall, LSP is considered as part of lexicology or branch of terminology, as well as functional stylistics. But the number of highly specialized works devoted to the LSP is still not large enough (P. McDonald, L. Hoffmann, A. I. Komarova, etc.).

Active exploration of the LSP features and functions began in the second half of the last century. It started because of the rapid development of science and the growth of industry, because of the appearance of new phenomena and objects of reality, the presence of which had to be reflected in the language.

Today, the reasons why the LSP takes a lot of attention are the general complexity of the social structure, the increase of human activities specialization and stock of knowledge, where the effective communication is achieved necessarily by knowledge of specific vocabulary.

While the LSP serves the interests of a certain group of people, it is still a part of the national language, but is considered as its functional kind or subsystem. The LSP together with the Language for General Purposes (LGP), which covers family, household, commercial and other social non-specific relations, forms a part of the common national language system.
The fundamental difference between LSP and LGP is that LSP is formed on the basis of an existing common language. J. Trim, leading expert in the study of LSP, speaks that languages for special purposes professionally oriented vocabulary join with common vocabulary, which is focused on the recipients, regardless of the social roles they play [5].

Moreover, the formation of the LSP occurs purposely, because the appearance of new lexical units of the LSP is conditioned by the need to designate an existing concept [4,25].
One of the characteristics of LSP at the lexical level is the specific terminological subsystems. LSP consists of special lexical units that occur only within the language and reflect its subject specification.

However, the specificity of the vocabulary of special languages is limited. Because LSP and LGP always interact with each other, the border between specific and non-specific vocabulary is not so strong. Practically, it reveals itself by the frequent transition of specific words into a common language or terminologization of common lexical units. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics identifies the following sources of the LSP vocabulary replenishment: the words of common language, internationalisms and words with derivational elements of Greek or Latin origin, borrowed vocabulary, professional slang, brand names, etc. [3,2011].

Thus, most researchers identify the following features as the main characteristics of LSP:

  1. belonging to the national language;
  2. opposition to non-specific language for general purposes;
  3. specific vocabulary for specific area;
  4. most vocabulary are specific;
  5. processes of terminologization and determinologization.

The study of specific vocabulary is very important task of modern linguistics. This need is due to the scientific and technological progress that began in the second half of the XX century and entailed a sudden increase in the volume of specific terminology. This made the linguistics to study the way of functioning of the languages in specific areas of human activity and knowledge, which were named LSP.

Today, the development of specific terminology can not be isolated. This happens because of an increase of the professional communication at the international level, and also because of the availability of information in foreign languages, especially in English. It means that the translation of specific terminology is the major problem of translation theory and practice, as well as contemporary science of terminology.

Nowadays, some scientists believe that borrowing is the source of language development, while others believe that it is the way to its death. So, it seems necessary to determine the extent of the impact of English on the Russian language.

The formation of Russian music terminology is closely related with the development of Russian music culture, which acquired its features due to the active expansion of contacts with other countries, as well as for other historical reasons. The formation of the music terminology of the Russian language has been going on for centuries. Exchange of cultural experience with the countries of Western Europe has become one of the main reasons why the lexical Fund of the Russian language flooded a large stock of foreign specific words.

Classical music terms of the contemporary Russian language are international. It was formed by borrowing from Italian, French and German.
Since the middle of the XX century English started strong influencing on the Russian music terminological system. And the process is still continuing. English borrowings can be found in a lot of branches of the music field.

To determine the degree of English borrowings influence on Russian, it is necessary to know the exact number of words in this language. But at the moment, it is impossible to do. We had analyzed the data of the Orthographic Dictionary of the Russian language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (200 thousand words) [7] and the Dictionary of anglicisms of the Russian language by A. I. Dyakov (more than 12,600 units) [2]. So, we can conclude that the number of English borrowings in the Russian language is relatively small and, therefore, the influence of anglicisms on our language can be considered insignificant.

Also during the research, we selected randomly five hundred English borrowings in the music field of Russian language. It became clear that the huge part of these lexical units calls music styles. This result underlines the fact of domination of music culture of the English-speaking people and art in general.
This study allows us to conclude that such an influence was caused by the extensive development of the music industry, a wide variety of styles, genres and directions, and by the mass distribution and popularization of music culture of English-speaking countries. During the process of borrowing from another language, borrowed lexical units pass the stage of adaptation, which is also called assimilation. Sometimes, it is not so easy to use anglicisms correctly because of the meaning and phonetic components. There are different kinds of adaptations during the borrowing process: phonetic, grammatical, graphic and semantic adaptation.

The phonetical adaptation: in most cases anglicisms in the Russian language are assimilated according to the rules of pronunciation (Eng.: distortion – Rus.: дисторшн (/dɪˈstɔːʃ(ə)n/)).
The grammatical adaptation: English borrowings easily follow the rules of the Russian language grammar. Any word is declined getting the necessary inflections. In the morphological aspect, interesting phenomena can be observed like when the word that came from the English language becomes any necessary part of speech (Eng.: random (adj.) – Rus.: рэндом (n.)). Or like combining two English words into Russian one (Eng.: new school – Rus.: ньюскул) or conversely, the reduction of a word (Eng.: diss (disrespect)) during the transition to the Russian language vocabulary.

Semantic adaptation is also quite peculiar. Mostly words are borrowed provide not the main meaning. With few exceptions, borrowings used are specified for a particular field of activity (bubble gum (chewing gum; style of music).

Descussion
Now there are two very common opinion: according to one of them, borrowing can be beneficial, and according to the other — it can cause harm. The process of borrowing foreign language vocabulary does not mean the weakness of the language system. This study clearly reveals that, during all the time, influence of anglicisms on the Russian language was not so significant. This fact is proved by the number of English borrowings of Russian vocabulary, and by the analysis of several kinds of adaptation. Thus, we can conclude that anglicisms do not abuse the language. They expand its lexical system by creation LSP in music and in other fields of human activity, which makes it possible to briefly and at the same time substantially describe new objects and phenomena. The Russian language is able to clear itself of unnecessary elements over time, and the process of borrowing is unlikely to make the language structure ever changed.

References:

  1. Aristova V. M. English-Russian language contacts. Saint Petersburg, 1978
  2. Dyakov A. I. Dictionary of English borrowings of the Russian language. Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk book publishing house, 2010.
  3. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Editor-in-Chief R.E. Asher. Pergamon Press, 1994. P. 5644.
  4. Leichik, V. M. Terminology. Subject, methods, structure.- M.: Publishing LKI, 2007.-256 p.
  5. Trim J.L.M. Linguistic Considerations in Planning Courses and in the Preparation of Teaching Materials//Languages for Special Purposes/CILT, 1969.
  6.  Yartseva V. N. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1990. 685c.
  7. Orthographic academic e-resource “ACADEMOS”, Institute of Russian language, V. V. Vinogradov, Russian Academy of Sciences. URL: http://orfo.ruslang.ru/