WAYS TO EXPRESS GRATITUDE IN THE LITERARY DIALOGUE

Cheremnykh V.I.

3rd year student of the National Research University «BSU», Faculty of History and Philology

WAYS TO EXPRESS GRATITUDE IN THE LITERARY DIALOGUE (BASED ON THE PROSE OF I.S. TURGENEV)

Summary

In modern linguistic works, the object of research is the speech act of gratitude. This is due, among other things, to the fact that the problem of using lexical units in a speech expressing appreciation or gratitude is being actively developed in a progressive information society, where the skill of communication and productive communication is a priority. In modern linguistics, the representation of the act of gratitude in a literary text as the use of special emotional-tuning tactics has been little studied, which indicates the relevance of our research.

Keywords: speech act of gratitude, formula of gratitude, mitigation, performative

The speech act of gratitude and its features are studied as the material of the Russian oral speech in the situation of business and everyday communication (Formanovskaya N.I. [9, 478], Oleshkov M.Yu. [10, 342], Issers OS [11, 284], etc.), and in comparison with other languages ​​(Tsurikova LV [8, 60], etc.).

The works consider the peculiarities of using different etiquette formulas in speech by representatives of different cultures, which allows revealing the principles of the reflection of ethnoculture in a particular speech act of different peoples.  Consideration of the described phenomenon on the material of I.S.  Turgenev will make it possible to analyze the use of etiquette formulas of the act of gratitude in the Russian language, since the author tries to reproduce the features of conversational speech as accurately as possible in the artistic text modern era.  I.S.  Turgenev argued that the «people’s writer» should be imbued with sympathy for the people, akin to him with affection, naive and good-natured observation [1,66].

Referring to the word «gratitude», we indicate its meaning.  In the explanatory dictionary of the modern Russian language D.N.  It is interpreted by Ushakov as “a feeling of gratitude for the good shown” [2, 39] (for example, to accept with gratitude, to do something as a token of gratitude).  Gratitude is a form of speech etiquette.  The dictionary “Culture of verbal communication” notes: “Thanksgiving is a verbal expression of gratitude” [12, 33].

Words of gratitude in almost all languages ​​came to the spoken language from the language of the ceremonial ritual.  Gradually, they become the usual formulas for expressing gratitude and lose the features of book words.  In Russian, when expressing words of appreciation, the use of lexical units “thank you” and “thank you” is most frequent.  Using the “thank you” formula, the addresser shares a part of his good, that is, gives good, responds with good to perfect good.  This word, like many lexemes with the component “good” (for example, grace, prosperity, benefactor, complacency, etc.), in its lexico-semantic meaning came from the Old Slavonic language, in which there were parts “good, good” and “give, present».  The lexical unit «спасибо» arose as a result of the fusion of the pair «спаси богъ» [4, 295], in which the reduced “ъ” and the final “г” disappeared: спаси богъ >  спасибогъ > спасибо.  In the collection of stories by I.S.  Turgenev «Hunter’s Notes» we recorded 7 words of thanks and 23 lexemes with the root basis «дарю благо»: благодарность, благодарю, благодарствую.

As the researchers note, “in addition to the implementation of one of the basic principles of effective communication — the principle of politeness — the tactics of gratitude has an emotional-tuning effect.  Gratitude is an important etiquette speech act that represents a demonstration, on the one hand, of politeness, good education of the addressee, and on the other hand, of goodwill, respectful attitude towards the addressee” [3, 42].  Depending on the way of expressing gratitude, one can determine the attitude towards the interlocutor, the social status of the speaker, his education, the level of the culture of speech.

 In real communication, gratitude can be expressed in verbal and non-verbal ways.  In the text space, the implementation of the verbal way of expressing gratitude is presented in the form of a direct speech of the character and testifies to the communicative intention of the speaker.  Often the words of appreciation have their specific situational basis, they are the answer to the action, that is, the informative purpose of speech is achieved: Thank you, I will not forget your affection for a century … [5, 233].

When expressing refusal, gratitude implements the communicative strategy of negative politeness — “mitigation”.  This term is understood by us as “the process and the result of softening the speaker’s behavior towards the addressee”, along with the Russian version of “softening” [7, 26].  Let us give examples from the analyzed texts by I.S. Turgenev: Thank you, you are kind, just don’t touch me [5, 332]; No, brother, thanks [5, 206]; “Don’t you want a cup of tea?”  — No, thank you meekly [5, 182].  Since the addressees of the submitted remarks are peasants dependent on their landlords, this technique helps to shape the reader with a clearer picture of the characters of I.S. Turgenev, simple working people, honest and decent.  They, despite their dependency, retain their honor and dignity, with pride and courtesy denying not only people equal to them in social status, but also respected landowners.

 The expression of gratitude in non-verbal ways is presented in contexts by describing intonation, gestures, facial expressions, actions without the use of direct speech: he looked at me with gratitude, as if the weather depended on me [5, 288]; one landowner even gratitude played in the eye [5, 255].  The author describes in detail the emotional state, and also includes a description of body movements, for example, a bow: He was choking with joy, crying, shaking, bowing, thanking the landowner, the coachman, the men [5, 74].  Thus, in the prose text, a speech act of gratitude includes a description of both verbal behavior (etiquette itself) and non-verbal behavior, which reflects ethnic and cultural characteristics.

Variants of gratitude demonstrate gender peculiarities of speech.  So, in the speech of male characters laconic and brief formulas of gratitude are fixed, which is caused by more restrained speech behavior: And you, sir, thank [5, 277]; — Would you like to lie down?  — Thank you [5, 160].  In these examples, we see the clarity and concreteness of expression, which distinguishes them from the female replicas, common by the minor members of the sentence, which contain words of appreciation: I thank you sincerely that you are a kind, good person, that I love you [5, 47].

 Speech situations of gratitude illustrate such a feature of the speech genre of gratitude as performance.  “A performative is a statement equivalent to an action, an act” [13]. Performative statements can be reduced to a single verb expressing simultaneously the act of speech and action.  The speaker only conditionally performs the activity — expresses his appreciation, but as such, the accomplishment of a specific action does not occur: I thanked him and asked his name [5, 157].  When expressing gratitude, the word is implied as an action.

A speech act of gratitude may be exaggerated.  Great gratitude or its exaggeration is provided in speech by linguistic means that have a certain stylistic coloring and serve to enhance expressiveness.  We note the most typical lexemes: large, huge, hearty, great, immense, etc. Let us give examples: Gentlemen, many are grateful for the honor, [5, 165];  My honors to you, thank you most humbly [5, 175]; I thank you most sincerely [5, 275].

 The means of expressing intensification in the language is repetition, which reinforces the effect of the addresser’s gratitude towards the addressee: Thank you, father, thank you [5, 74]; Many are grateful!  Many are grateful!  [5, 351].

 In the collection of stories “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev speech of the main characters includes a variety of formulas of gratitude.  The contexts we have analyzed that represent the speech act of gratitude allow us to draw the following conclusions about the use of speech means to express the strategy in question.  In the artistic text, appreciation is represented both in the direct speech of the characters, and in the author’s description of non-verbal behavior.  The expressiveness and conciseness and brevity are characteristic of the speech act of gratitude in the speech of male characters, the prevalence of replicas of gratitude is in the direct speech of women.  Intensive replicas intensifiers are repetitions, expressiveness is also provided by lexemes that have a stylistic or emotionally expressive coloring, which enhance the effect of appreciation towards the addressee.

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